Legislative Decree No. 135 of 5 August 2022 implements Regulation (EU) 2016/429 and establishes a legal framework governing the trade, importation, possession, and training related to wild and exotic animal species. Its primary objectives are the prevention of health risks and the protection of biodiversity. The Decree introduces criminal sanctions to combat the illegal trafficking of protected species and sets out comprehensive provisions for managing animals deemed hazardous to public health or the environment. The Ministry of Health is designated as the central veterinary authority, tasked with coordinating official controls, while operational responsibilities are also assigned to other ministries and local authorities. The Decree prohibits, except under specific exemptions, the importation, possession, reproduction, and commercialisation of live specimens of wild and exotic species taken from their natural habitats, including hybrids. Exceptions are granted for zoological gardens, authorised facilities, reintroduction projects, and animals intended for human consumption. Criteria are established for identifying dangerous species, and authorisation procedures are defined for facilities housing such animals, including structural, operational, and biosecurity requirements. Facilities must maintain a management manual and renew authorisations every five years. In cases of non-compliance, competent authorities may conduct inspections, issue warnings, and revoke authorisations. Transitional provisions allow current holders of such animals to retain them until the end of their natural lives, provided measures are taken to prevent reproduction and escape. The Decree also regulates remote sales, operator training, health surveillance, and the custody of seized or confiscated animals. Administrative and criminal penalties are prescribed for violations, including mandatory confiscation of specimens. The Decree amends Article 727-bis of the Penal Code to extend criminal liability to illicit trade and repeals previous legislation on the subject.