Official name:
Republic of Estonia
Region:
General Information
| Region | Northern Europe | |
| Population (000, 2021) | 1 325a | |
| Pop. density (per km2, 2021) | 31.3a | |
| Capital city | Tallinn | |
| Capital city pop. (000, 2021) | 441.3b | |
| UN membership date | 17-Sep-91 | |
| Surface area (km2) | 45 261b | |
| Sex ratio (m per 100 f) | 90.3a | |
| National currency | Euro (EUR) | |
| Exchange rate (per US$) | 0.8c |
Economic indicators
| 2010 | 2015 | 2021 | |
| GDP: Gross domestic product (million current US$) | 19 694 | 23 049 | 31 471b |
| GDP growth rate (annual %, const. 2015 prices) | 2.7 | 1.8 | 5b |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | 14 783.9 | 17 523.3 | 23 740.2b |
| Economy: Agricultured (% of Gross Value Added) | 3.6 | 3.3 | 2.9b |
| Economy: Industrye,f (% of Gross Value Added) | 27.6 | 27.3 | 25.3b |
| Economy: Services and other activityg (% of GVA) | 68.8 | 69.4 | 71.8b |
| Employment in agriculture (% of employed) | 4.2 | 3.9 | 3.1h,c |
| Employment in industry (% of employed) | 30.3 | 30.7 | 29.4h,c |
| Employment in services (% employed) | 65.5 | 65.4 | 67.6h,c |
| Unemploymenth (% of labour force) | 16.7 | 6.2 | 5.4c |
| Labour force participation rateh (female/male pop. %) | 55.0 / 67.1 | 56.0 / 69.5 | 56.8 / 70.7c |
| CPI: Consumer Price Index (2010=100) | 100 | 111 | 122c |
| Agricultural production index (2014-2016=100) | 79 | 111 | 107b |
| International trade: exportsi (million current US$) | 12 811 | 13 908 | 16 947c |
| International trade: importsi (million current US$) | 13 197 | 15 732 | 17 783c |
| International trade: balancei (million current US$) | -385 | - 1 824 | -836c |
| Balance of payments, current account (million US$) | 340 | 403 | -244c |
Social indicators
| 2010 | 2015 | 2021 | |
| Population growth ratej (average annual %) | -0.4 | -0.3 | 0.2c |
| Urban population (% of total population) | 68.1 | 68.4 | 69.1b |
| Urban population growth ratej (average annual %) | -0.5 | -0.2 | ... |
| Fertility rate, totalj (live births per woman) | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6c |
| Life expectancy at birthj (females/males, years) | 79.0 / 68.3 | 81.2 / 71.8 | 82.5 / 74.0c |
| Population age distribution (0-14/60+ years old, %) | 15.1 / 23.2 | 16.1 / 25.1 | 16.5 / 27.2a |
| International migrant stock (000/% of total pop.) | 217.9 / 16.4 | 194.7 / 14.8 | 199.3 / 15.0c |
| Refugees and others of concern to UNHCR (000) | 101k | 86.8 | 74.6c |
| Infant mortality ratej (per 1 000 live births) | 4.7 | 3.2 | 2c |
| Health: Current expenditure (% of GDP) | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.7l |
| Health: Physicians (per 1 000 pop.) | 3.2 | 3.4 | 0l |
| Education: Government expenditure (% of GDP) | 5.5 | 5.1 | 5m |
| Education: Primary gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.) | 102.2 / 103.8 | 97.1 / 97.1 | 97.8 / 97.5l |
| Education: Secondary gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.) | 105.3 / 105.2 | 110.8 / 111.3 | 118.3 / 115.0l |
| Education: Upper secondary gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.) | 109.1 / 105.6 | 116.1 / 113.1 | 134.5 / 127.9l |
| Intentional homicide rate (per 100 000 pop.) | 5.3 | 3.4 | 2.1l |
| Seats held by women in national parliaments (%) | 22.8 | 19.8 | 27.7n |
Environment and infrastructure indicators
| 2010 | 2015 | 2021 | |
| Individuals using the Internet (per 100 inhabitants) | 74.1o,p | 88.4 | 89.5b |
| Research & Development expenditure (% of GDP) | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4q,l |
| Threatened species (number) | 11 | 17 | 50 |
| Forested area (% of land area) | 55.1 | 55.7 | 56.1l |
| CO2 emission estimates (million tons/tons per capita) | 18.6 / 13.9 | 15.2 / 11.5 | 11.6 / 8.8b |
| Energy production, primary (Petajoules) | 206 | 234 | 277l |
| Energy supply per capita (Gigajoules) | 178 | 174 | 198l |
| Tourist/visitor arrivals at national bordersr (000) | 2 511 | 2 961 | 3 234l |
| Important sites for terrestrial biodiversity protected (%) | 94.7 | 94.8 | 94.8c |
| Net Official Development Assist. disbursed (% of GNI) | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.16m |