Official name:
Republic of Estonia
Region:
General Information
| Region | Northern Europe | |
| Population (000, 2025) | 1 344a | |
| Pop. density (per km2, 2025) | 30.9a | |
| Capital city | Tallinn | |
| Capital city pop. (000, 2025) | 441.3c | |
| UN membership date | 17 September 1991 | |
| Surface area (km2) | 45 261b | |
| Sex ratio (m per 100 f) | 90.8a | |
| National currency | Euro (EUR) | |
| Exchange rate (per US$) | 1d |
Economic indicators
| 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | |
| GDP: Gross domestic product (million current US$) | 23 312 | 31 821 | 41 291b |
| GDP growth rate (annual %, const. 2015 prices) | 1.8 | -2.9 | -3b |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | 17 733.0 | 23 931.0 | 30 201.0b |
| Economy: Agriculturee,f (% of Gross Value Added) | 3.2 | 2.2 | 2.2b |
| Economy: Industrye,g (% of Gross Value Added) | 26.7 | 24.8 | 24.6b |
| Economy: Services and other activitye,h (% of GVA) | 70.1 | 73 | 73.2b |
| Employment in agriculturei (% of employed) | 4 | 3.1 | 2.6b |
| Employment in industryi (% of employed) | 31.3 | 29.7 | 27.4b |
| Employment in servicesi (% employed) | 64.7 | 67.2 | 70b |
| Unemployment (% of labour force) | 6.4 | 7 | 7.6i |
| Labour force participation rate (female/male pop. %) | 55.7 / 69.0 | 57.1 / 69.8 | 60.5 / 70.0i |
| CPI: Consumer Price Index (2010=100) | 112 | 122 | 172d |
| Agricultural production index (2014-2016=100) | 111 | 108 | 95b |
| International trade: exportsj (million current US$) | 13 908 | 16 902 | 19 773d |
| International trade: importsj (million current US$) | 15 732 | 17 764 | 22 672d |
| International trade: balancej (million current US$) | - 1 824 | -863 | - 2 899d |
| Balance of payments, current account (million US$) | 341 | -869 | -490d |
Social indicators
| 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | |
| Population growth rate (average annual %) | 0.2 | 0.1 | -1.4a |
| Urban population (% of total population) | 68.4 | 69.1c | ... |
| Urban population growth rate (average annual %) | -0.2k | ... | ... |
| Fertility rate, total (live births per woman) | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4a |
| Life expectancy at birth (females/males, years) | 81.8 / 73.1 | 82.9 / 74.5 | 83.3 / 75.4a |
| Population age distributionl (0-14/60+ years old, %) | 16.0 / 25.2 | 16.4 / 26.6 | 15.3 / 28.1a |
| International migrant stock (000/% of total pop.) | 194.7 / 14.8 | 199.3 / 15.0 | 203.0 / 14.9d |
| Refugees and others of concern to UNHCR (000) | 86.8 | 74.6 | 105.5m,d |
| Under five mortality rate (per 1000 live births) | 3.4 | 2 | 2.2a |
| Health: Current expenditure (% of GDP) | 6.6 | 7.6n | 7o |
| Health: Physicians (per 1 000 pop.) | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5o |
| Education: Primary gross enrol. ratioi (f/m per 100 pop.) | 97.1 / 97.2 | 98.0 / 98.6 | 98.2 / 98.4b |
| Education: Lowr. sec. gross enrol. ratio i (f/m per 100 pop.) | 101.7 / 103.8 | 102.4 / 103.1 | 101.4 / 102.5b |
| Education: Upr. Sec. gross enrol. ratioi (f/m per 100 pop.) | 115.4 / 112.0 | 129.1 / 118.1 | 121.1 / 110.5b |
| Intentional homicide rate (per 100 000 pop.) | 3.4 | 3.2 | 1.5b |
| Seats held by women in national parliaments (%) | 19.8 | 28.7p | 28.7p |
Environment and infrastructure indicators
| 2015 | 2020 | 2025 | |
| Individuals using the Internetq (per 100 inhabitants) | 88.4 | 89.1 | 93.2b |
| Research & Development expenditure (% of GDP) | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.8r |
| Threatened species (number) | 17 | 48 | 73d |
| Forested area (% of land area) | 55.7 | 57 | 57.1o |
| CO2 emission estimates (million tons/tons per capita) | 16.1 / 12.2 | 11.1 / 8.4 | 13.7 / 10.1o |
| Energy production, primary (Petajoules) | 205 | 184 | 196o |
| Energy supply per capita (Gigajoules) | 155 | 142 | 149o |
| Tourist/visitor arrivals at national borderss (000) | 2 961 | 1 023 | 2 166o |
| Important sites for terrestrial biodiversity protected (%) | 94.8 | 94.8 | 94.9d |
| Pop. using safely managed sanitation (urban/rural, %) | 96.4 / ... | 97.3 / ... | 97.7 / ...o |
| Net Official Development Assist. disbursedt (% of GNI) | 0.15 | 0.17 | 1.05b |