The Civil Code is a comprehensive legislative act that establishes the fundamental framework governing civil-law relations in the country. The Code applies primarily to civil-law relations arising in relation to land and, in particular, in relation to transfer rights, inheritance, lease of agricultural land, and servitude. Land relations and land transactions shall be regulated by contracts.
The Code sets out core principles of civil legislation, including equality of participants in civil relations, inviolability of property, freedom of contract, non-interference in private affairs, and the guarantee of judicial protection. It defines the scope of civil law, covering property relations, contractual and non-contractual obligations, personal non-property rights, and the legal status of individuals, legal entities, and the state. It regulates the emergence, exercise, and protection of civil rights, establishes methods of legal protection and liability, and lays down rules on legal capacity, representation, limitation periods, and the use of customary business practices and legal analogy.
Substantively, the Civil Code provides an extensive regulation of property and ownership, possession, transactions, obligations, and remedies, as well as detailed rules on legal entities, contracts, liability for harm, and protection of personal and non-material rights. It also introduces a structured system for real (property) rights, including ownership, limited rights in rem, mortgage and pledge mechanisms, and rules on acquisition and termination of rights. Overall, the Code creates a modernized and unified civil-law system intended to ensure legal certainty, protect private rights, and support economic and social relations within the country and in cases involving a foreign element.